For up-to-date information on how to cite APA sources, particularly electronic sources, login to the Writers INC site at www.thewritesource.com/apa.htm.
 

General Instructions for Typing the Text:

• Margins:  Type every page of a manuscript with a minimum of a 1 in. (2.54-cm) margin on all sides.
• Justification:  Do not justify the right margin.
• Indention:  Indent each paragraph with a five-to-seven-space indent.  For consistency use the tab key.
• Spacing
• Line:  Double space between all lines of the manuscript.
• Punctuation:  space once after all punctuation as follows:
• after commas, colons, and semicolons;
• after punctuation marks at the ends of sentences;
• after periods that separate parts of a reference citation;
• after the periods of the initials in personal names (e.g., J.  R.  Zhang).
 
Exception: Do not space after internal periods or abbreviations, (e.g., a.m., U.S.).

Quotations
 

• Short:  Quotations of fewer than 40 words should be incorporated into the text and enclosed by double quotation marks (“).
• Long:  Display quotations of 40 or more words in a double-spaced block of typewritten lines with no quotation marks.
• Punctuation:  Place periods and commas within closing single or double quotation marks.  Place other punctuation marks inside quotation marks only when they are part of the quoted material.

Punctuation
 

• Hyphen: use no space before or after (e.g., trial-by-trial analysis).
• Minus: type as a hyphen with space on both sides (e.g., a - b).
• Dash: type as two hyphens with no space before or after (e.g. Studies--published and unpublished--are).
• Footnotes:
• a) Content footnotes and copyright permission footnotes are numbered consecutively throughout the article.
• b) To indicate in text the position of a footnote, use superscript arabic numerals.
• c) Double-space all footnotes together on a separate sheet.
• d) Center the label Footnotes in uppercase and lowercase letters at the top of the page.
• e) Indent the first line of each footnote five to seven spaces, like the first line of a paragraph, and type the footnotes in the order in which they are mentioned in text.
• f) Number the footnotes to correspond to their numbers in text.

References:

Format:

• Double-space between all lines.
• Use a continuous underline from periodical titles through volume numbers (underline the commas before and after volume numbers).
• Begin each entry with the left margin.  If the entry is more than one line, indent an additional five to seven spaces.

Capitalization:

• Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper names;
• Do not underline the title or place quotations around it.

One author

Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory & Cognition, 3,

 
635-647.

Multiple authors

 
The prototype as a construct in abnormal psychology: 2. Clarifying disagreement

in psychiatric judgements. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 575-585.

No author

Study finds free care used more. (1982, April). APA MONITOR, p. 14.
 

BOOKS

No author

College bound seniors. (1979). Princeton, NJ: College Board Publications.

One author

Bernstein, T. M. (1965). The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage.

 
New York: Atheneum.

Two or More Authors -

Monroe, J. G., & Williamson, R. A. (1993).  First houses:  Native American homes and

 
sacred structures.  Boston:  Houghton.

Corporate author or group author

American Psychiatric Association.  (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

(3rd ed.).  Washington, DC: Author.

NOTE: When the author and publisher are identical, use the term Author as the name of the publisher.

Letheridge, S., & Cannon, C. R. (Eds.).  (1980). Bilingual education:  Teaching English as a

second language.  New York: Praeger.

Gurman, A. S., & Kniskern, D. P. (1981).  Family therapy outcome research: Knowns and

unknowns. In A. S. Gurman & D. P. Kniskern (Eds.). Handbook of family therapy

(pp.742-775). New York:  Brunner/Mazel.

Carmody, T. P. A new look at medicine from the social perspective [Review of the book

Social contexts  of health, illness, and patient care]. Contemporary Psychology, 27,

208-209.
 

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness

 
(DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government

Printing Office.
 
 

Film

Harrison, J. (Producer), & Schmiechen, R. (Director). Changing our minds: The story of Evelyn

Hooker [Film]. (Available from Changing Our Minds, Inc., 170 West End Avenue,

Suite 25R, New York, NY  10023)
 

Wall, M., & Luther, V. (1992).  Clues to rural community survival: A research report (8th ed.).

 
Lincoln, NE:  Heartland Center for Leadership Development.  (ERIC Document

Reproduction Service No. ED 385 408)

Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals:  Characteristics

 
of referring and nonreferring supervisors [CD-ROM].  Abstract from: ProQuest File:

Dissertation Abstracts Item: 931547

Electronic/World Wide Web

Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995).  A history of facilitated communication:

Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience: Science working group on facilitated

communication. American Psychologist [Online serial], 50, (750-765).  Retrieved January

25, 1996 from the World Wide Web:  http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html

American Psychological Association. (2000 January).  Successful aging:

The second 50.  APA Monitor.  Retrieved January 11, 2000 from the

World Wide Web:  http://www.apa.org/monitor/cs.html